Technology Are On The Rise And Ioms Recommendation Of...

Informatics Ayva Rodriguez Felician College NURS 330 Christine Lawrence October 14, 2014 Technology are on the rise and IOMs’ recommendation of informatics in the aspects of nursing care that can improve how interdisciplinary team member communicate to each other, managing knowledge and information, making decision and reducing errors (Greiner Knebel, 2003, p. 62). Communication is the interaction among people and the exchange of ideas, opinions and feelings whether it is verbal or non-verbal (Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014, p. 65) such as through documentation or email (Nursing Informatics, 2014). Additionally informatics focused on documentation to improve how the involved healthcare members communicate to one another. And†¦show more content†¦211). Good communication will reduce errors and improve nurses’ efficiency in patient care (Cipriano, 2011, p. 286). In my clinical experience electronic medical records greatly improved how interdisciplinary health team member communicate timely and effectively. And with the data entered or any prescription made were clearly written and understood that resulted in error reduction and better patient care. For example an updated patient skin condition assessment helped in the prevention of pressure ulcer (Weston Roberts, 2013). Patients with cancer can use technology in dealing with family responsibility and at the same time keeping track of chemo or radiation treatment appointments. With internet communication, cancer patient can asked assistance to family and friends in the comfort of their home or even in the hospital without the risk of exposing themselves to sick people. There are software available that can make a calendar on what are the day to day help needed and that can be viewed online by family and friends who are able to help the patient (Snyder et al., 2011, p. 214). Factors associated with medication errors such as interrupted nurses, look-alike medication, wrong dosage given, wrong computation, nurses are multitasking or misleading hand written instructions (Jones, 2009, p. 41-46) can be prevented by the

The Great Man By Martin Luther King, Jr., And Winston...

Analyzing Leadership From the vantage point of the present, it is easy to look back at the tenure of any great leader and draw conclusions about just what it was that made him/her great. We can examine the circumstances under which their leadership flourished; piece together what we know of their character and personality traits; delve into the factors that may have driven them; and dissect their leadership style all in an effort to pinpoint the source of their success. The ‘Great Man’ theory, popular in the 19th century and now thoroughly debunked, held that leaders are born, not made; suggesting that men like George Washington, Martin Luther King Jr., and Winston Churchill were born with the innate capacity to change the world (Landis,†¦show more content†¦However, some of the greatest leaders possess qualities from more than one framework. VanKoughnett (2014) discusses leadership qualities commonly taught in the United States military. These courses focus on which qualities make a leader great, but also the qualities and circumstances that cause leaders to fail. Though there are many characteristics of a leader, VanKoughnett (2014) regards personal integrity as the essential quality upon which all others are built. Integrity means being honest and selfless, and having a moral compass; all necessary â€Å"in order to maintain the respect, trust, and performance of subordinates† (VanKoughnett, 2014, p. 10). Nelson Mandela exemplified integrity while pursuing the end of apartheid in South Africa. Mandela was thought to possess all of the skills, values, and principles of a leader: integrity, honor, commitment, vision, justness, wisdom, and effective communication (VanKoughnett, 2014). Those that follow a transformational leadership framework believe that leaders possess many of the aforementioned qualities, but the focus is on one’s ability to inspire and empower others (Ross, Fitzpatrick, Click, Krouse, Clavelle, 2014). These leaders literally ‘transform’ their followers by inspiring enthusiasm and performance towards aShow MoreRelatedLeaders Of The 19th And 20th Century Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration. The decisions that one makes rightful intertwine with their leadership style, which rest upon the lessons taught by their mentor and personal experiences. Some of the world’s most influential leaders such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Winston Churchill will always be distinct leaders who people can model themselves after because of their leadership rituals and strategic tactics. In order to develop more influential leaders, people must educate themselves on past policy makersRead MoreA First Rate Madness By Nassir Ghaemi1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough famous leaders such as: General William Tecumseh Sherman, Ted turner, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Ghandi, Martin Luther King Jr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. The book demonstrates how the mental illnesses within a person makes for a better leader. The author does this by taking italian psychiatrist Cesare lombroso’s view of insanity= genius. 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Th ey were engaged in wishful thinking about the future and denial that the future would be dangerous. They resented Churchill for insisting that they must face the danger. They rejected his leadership. He had very few

Mutual interest discovery Free Essays

Social skills and social interaction need not be taught explicitly to young students. Instead of discussing social skills theoretically or through an academic discourse headed by the teacher, the mutual interest discovery model introduces a process of structured activities for students. This process aims to increase peer acceptance by having students discover similarities they have with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Mutual interest discovery or any similar topic only for you Order Now The prevalent presumption is that attraction between people increases as known shared similar attributes increases. It is further postulated that the higher level of self-disclosure between two people, the deeper liking there is for one another (Burger, 1981). This model was applied to students with learning disabilities; however, it has been applied to classes where students need not necessarily have such disabilities. To introduce this social skills activity to a class of elementary school students, the procedure was outlined and I shared some of my own interests with the group. The students were then asked to pair up with one other. I thought this activity to be a timely remedy since in this particular group several of the students did not get along well with the others. The activity proved fruitful as I observed that those who had strained or distant relationships prior to the activity were observed to have become more sociable to each another. I consider this activity a greater success with the marked change between one 2nd grade boy and a 4th grade girl. They had been talking and discovered that they both had scars in their chest area from surgeries they had undergone. They were so pleased that they even came up to me saying â€Å"So and so is the same as me! We both have a line.† Now, every time that they see each other in school they hug each other. The older girl has become like an older sister to the smaller boy. I regard not just the activity as a success, but I myself feel fulfilled. Such change effected into the life of pupils was more than I could have hoped for from this interaction activity. It brings a renewed drive to teach and a deeper significance to this most dignified profession. Reference: Burger, Jerry M. Self-Disclosure and Liking During Initial Encounters: An Attributional Approach. Social Behavior and Personality, 1981, 9 (2), 179-183. How to cite Mutual interest discovery, Essay examples

Ethics - Professionalism and Governance Ethical Dilemma

Question: Discuss about theEthics, Professionalism and Governance for Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Recommendations for Actions to take toResolve the Situation and to Minimize the Chance the Scenario May Recur. The ethical dilemma for Alex is to decide whether to report the employees that are taking office documents home which is against company policy as they expose the business to being accessed by non-authorized people. It is a dilemma for him since they need to do this to get their work done. The people who will be affected by Alexs decisions are the employees who work under him as project manager, Paul the IT administrator and the company Initech Corp. they are all inter-related.(Ford, and Richardson, 2013) The values that we will use in making this decision include autonomy which is where an individual has the freedom to make their decisions and do their work freely with minimum supervision, but the employees at Initech have little autonomy over their jobs as Paul limits the freedom they have. Trustworthinessislimited here as both parties do not trust each other Paul does not trust that the employees will not share sensitive data with the wrong people and the employees see that Paul takes pleasure in making it hard for them to work.(Keeney, and Keeney, 2009) The following code of ethics is relevant to make the decision best for Initech. The enhancement of the quality of life, where Alex will strive to make it is easier for the employees to perform their tasks smoothly. Honesty is where there is an actualshowing ofone's skills and abilities when Alex makes this decision he will showcase the abilities he has gained through the years from previous work done and apply it in the scenario. Competency is where Alex with this decision will show that he is working competently in the best interest of Initech. The five clauses relevant to this ethical dilemma are,strive to givegoods and services which match the functional and economic needs of your company; showcase your real talents, skills, abilities or knowledge. Give his professional opinion on the matter based on past experiences from other jobs; safeguard and encourage the well-being and safety of those working with and for you and know the necessary legislations and regulations that apply to the decision to be made(Landman, Shelton, Kauffmann, and Dattilo,2010) Alex should not report the employees to Paul since this will ensure terminationor their work made harder. He should hold a meeting with both parties to come up with a compromise to make sure that the employees and the IT manager and the best interests of the company are met. Alex should find a way to supervise the work done on the computers by the employees that does not interfere with their work as much. He should also ensure that the employees know the consequences of sharing the sensitive information with unauthorized parties as specified in the confidential agreement they signed. Finally, he should talk with Paul about him being less stringent with the employees and hold a mediation to resolve any issues between him and the employees this will ensure the company runs smoothly (Colquitt, Lepine, and Wesson, 2011) References Colquitt, J., Lepine, J. A., and Wesson, M. J. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Ford, R. C., and Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. In Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Keeney, R. L., and Keeney, R. L. (2009). Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decisionmaking. Harvard University Press. Landman, M. P., Shelton, J., Kauffmann, R. M., and Dattilo, J. B. (2010). Guidelines for maintaining a professional compass in the era of social networking. Journal of surgical education, 67(6), 381-386.

Leading as a management function

The main theme that affects the organization’s culture is the aspect of its leadership styles. There is definitely a straight connection between the leadership style and the organization’s culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the leadership styles that show an interrelationship with the organization’s culture include directing, supporting, coaching and delegating. Directing involves definition of employees’ roles and telling them what, how and when they should do various tasks. Supporting leaders recognize and listen facilitate problem-solving situations. A leader who has coaching skills provides the direction while at the same time hears the person’s feelings, ideas and suggestions. A leader who delegates duties allows people to be more autonomous given that the leader has seen an aspect of competence , commitment and confidence in the people that they lead (Ken 2008). A leader who exercises any of the above styles allows innovations to take root. A good example of this situation is one that involved John Delorean when he was ones a division head of General Motors. He led by using all the above styles thereby enhancing innovations in the company (National Defense University, Not Dated). Qualities of leadership do not change. Instead, various aspects aimed at improving the qualities are added to the existing qualities in order to improve the standards of effective leadership. The static characteristic of quality leadership is contrasted with the ever changing management structure in any organization. This is because throughout time, there has been loss of middle management because the structures of contemporary organizations keep flattening off. These reasons prompt the current organization leadership to possess greater project management skills (Snell, a. 2009). The leadership of the company must therefore be composed of visionary and inspirational people. Such kinds of leaders are able to know what needs to be achieved and they can also create an image of how things ought to be (Snell 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective leader must also be aware and be influential. The awareness of a leader will make them understand the abilities of each individual. A good leader must also understand their role in influencing the group that they lead. Hence an influential leader will use vision and employ the services of stakeholders in order to sway an opinion. In addition, effective leadership skills must have the aspects of trustworthiness so as to be honest and open to the team under the leader. They should also keep track of progress as a way of monitoring the targets. Taking all these factors into consideration, it can be deciphered that the r ole of a leader is pretty challenging (Buble Ivana 2007). Managers can develop good leadership skills through many ways. Leaders need to observe methods and skills of their bosses that they respected. They need to take risks and try to learn from mistakes. Managers also need to read autobiographies of leaders they admired to try to understand how such leaders think. A lot of practice is also required in development of leadership skills. Leaders should not be afraid of making mistakes. They should rather try different approaches whenever they fail in one approach. They should also purposely engage others throughout their operations in order to get things done. Managers should also seek development experiences such as building something from nothing. They should be exposed to positive role models and overcome all kinds of hardships (Snell, a. 2009). Reference List Buble, M Ivana, P. (2007). Interdependence between Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles: The Croatian Case. The Business Review, Cambridge: Summer 2007: 7, 1: ProQuest. National Defense University, (Not Dated). Strategic Leadership and Decision Making. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading as a management function specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Snell, B. (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World. Ed. 8. The Mc-Graw-Hill Companies. This essay on Leading as a management function was written and submitted by user Felicity W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ismail Pasha essays

Ismail Pasha essays Interpretive Research Paper-Egyptian Ruling Elite The country I studied during this project was Egypt, and the character I was assigned to was Ismail Pasha, who was part of the Ruling Elite. Ismail was the son of Ibrahim Pasha, who took the throne after Said Pashas death. He ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He began his rule halfway through the American Civil War, when Egypt experienced an immense growth in cotton trade, due to the unavailability of American cotton. Ismail did not control his money well. He was concerned with making Egypt seem attractive to surrounding countries and nations. Which would help migration to Egypt. His attempts included throwing magnificent parties on just about any occasion he could come up with. Although he was the darling of Europe, (social class profiles, 1) he did not handle his money responsibly. Ismail spent lavishly, and was very unwise about handling his financial affairs, thus leaving himself open for criticism. He was committed to the Suez Canal project, which he changed in two major ways: First of all, he constructed a freshwater canal, and second of all, he refused to provide an infinite amount of peasant labor. In 1866, he changed the manner in which the leaders successors were chosen in Egypt. This caused controversy between himself and the Sultan Abdulaziz around the time when the Suez Canal opened, in 1869. The two later reconciled, but it cost Ismail heavy expenditure, which did not help his already growing debt. The debt was eventually too much for Ismail to overcome, or even come close to paying back. He spent extravagantly, and borrowed the money he needed, but he could never pay it back. He desperately tried to relieve himself of the burden he carried, by several methods. He stopped paying interest on Egypt's loans, stopped paying his officials, and doubled the taxes on his people. But the debt was just too overwhelming. In...

Multinational finance and accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Multinational finance and accounting - Essay Example 5. (the forecast of proceeds is revised downward here because the equity investment of the subsidiary is less; the buyer would be assuming more debt if part of the initial investment in the subsidiary is supported by local bank loans). 6. Required parent's rate of return 18 percent. To Find Present Payment, Given Future Required Amount Given: Interest 18 18 18 18 18 18 Number of years 1 2 3 4 5 6 Present Value Interest Factor 0.847457627 0.71818443 0.608630873 0.515788875 0.437109216 0.370431539 Initial Investment 40,000,000.00 Initial Investment in Marks at $.50 per mark 80,000,000.00 Net Cash Flow 8,000,000.0010,000,000.0014,000,000.0016,000,000.0016,000,000.0016,000,000.00 Net Cash to Parent 4,000,000.005,000,000.007,000,000.008,000,000.008,000,000.008,000,000.00 Net Cash to Parent after tax 3,600,000.004,500,000.006,300,000.007,200,000.007,200,000.007,200,000.00 Salvage After 6 years 30000000 Exchange Rate1

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example They are less important for managing or hedging against short-term exposures because demand uncertainty is always lower in the short term. In addition, operational hedging is likewise less crucial for commodity-based firms that face price rather than quantity uncertainty. Financial instruments are greatly used by forms to hedge against short-term exposures while operational hedges are used greatly to hedge against long term exposures. The foreign currency cash flows of firms that have plants both in foreign and domestic location are not independent of the exchange rate. And therefore, optimal financial hedging policy should entail forward contracts as well as foreign currency put and call options. Natural hedges helped MNCs to offset unexpected fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates especially operational hedges that are associated with geographical diversification. Operational hedging often compliments financial hedging. For instance, MNCs use financial derivatives to mitigate risks exposures while they are operationally hedged, geographically diversified. Financial instruments are used to reduce the basic component of profit variability while geographical diversifications (operational hedges) can reduce firm-specific risk exposures. The use of both financial derivatives and operational hedges improves firm value. Operational hedges are not perfect substitutes for financial risk management. In the case of CARREFOUR S.A., Carrefour used financial market instruments, Forward contract, to hedge against their foreign currency borrowings in order to maintain total debt requirements at 97% in Euros. MNCs often use both parallel loans and currency swaps to achieve a similar objective. For instance, they provide a cheaper form of debt because they easily borrow in their respective countries and then swapping the debt. Both parallel loans and currency swaps helps the MNCs in

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example In order to carry out ethical teaching in class, the teachers might face ethical dilemmas often. Ethical dilemma is known to be the complex situation in which one might get when he has a mental conflict between moral essentials in which it is known that the choice of one may result in disobeying the other. They are also known as moral dilemmas and in these cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines may not provide any satisfactory outcome (Garber, 2008). Ethical dilemmas and moral situations can often arise in situations where one person can not take a moral decision and is bound to take a decision that does not fit in the ethical boundaries in one way or the other. Such situations may have many similarities and are at many times considered to be analogous (Carr, 1999). An experience I had that shows the similarities between the ethical dilemma and a moral situation is during my internship when I observed a situation in class where the teacher was in an ethical dilemma. The situ ation can be called as a moral situation and an ethical dilemma, as in both the cases, the teacher was bound to take a decision that did not fit into the moral principles and the professional ethics of education. In the situation, James was a classroom teacher of the ninth grade. His homework policy was that the homework would be given to take home on Friday and the students must bring it back and submit it on the following Thursday. He continuously emphasizes that it is the students’ choice to do it or not, but in case the homework is not completed and handed in on Friday, they will have to serve detention during one period of recess. Raoul was an excellent student in his class who always finished his work on time and correctly. He was a sensitive and dedicated student who strived hard to please the teacher. One Wednesday, Raoul gets sick and out of school, moreover the following day which was a Thursday, he forgot to bring his homework to class. This was the first time Raou l did not have his homework. James was sure that he had done his work and forgot to bring it. Raoul could get a day’s extension for being sick. And James also knew that the thought of serving detention was devastating for Raoul. However, James had to decide whether to follow the rule and have Raoul serve the detention, or make an exception based on the fact that Raoul has been sick and his routine is disrupted. This situation can very well be executed as a moral situation as well as an ethical dilemma. James is the teacher and he holds the responsibility in class to follow the professional ethics of education in which the teacher is supposed to apply the same rules for every student and avoid favoritism. On the other hand the professional ethics state that the teacher should understand each student and contribute in the best way possible towards his learning and his encouragement. James gets in ethical dilemma as he knows that taking a decision in regard of one ethical standa rd will violate the other. If James gives Raoul detention, he will discourage him and led his morale down, and if he gives him an excuse it will violate the professional ethics that he has set for his classroom (Robinson, 2005). In the similar way, the situation can also be called as a moral situation in which the teacher is bound by the moral principles of class and he is in moral dilemma. James is a teacher of ninth grade, who are teenage students and understand the situations of the class very well. If James gives an exception to Raoul, it will violate the moral conduct of the class in which the teacher owes a moral responsibility towards every child equally. Since Raoul has disobeyed the moral conduct of the class, James should give him the same punishment that all the students get,

Risk Management For Huawei

Risk Management For Huawei HUAWEI is a well known company Providing Telecommunication business all over the world but risks cannot be ignored. The Purpose of this manual is to provide suggestion to handle the risks in the company functional areas The manual can be helpful in identifying the efficiency of the risk management system. Also can be beneficial in less attention risk areas. It will use the standards, policy and strategy of Huawei to identify the tools of the risk management system. The risk management should be parallel activity and must be well documented.For easy understanding the risk management system is divided in three Stages. Stage 1 Development of Strategy and vision for the risk management system with clear goals. This is beneficial for the awareness of the company employees. The engagement of the employees will increase the success of risk management. Risk aware culture will improve and work better of Risk management. This stage included the planning, roles and responsibilities, communication, resources and training of having level. Stage 2In stage2 the proposal for various areas are considered in risk management, which identify the responsibility of individual area and various kind of training is needed, a campaign should be create among the employes regarding risk management. Industry and market risk: Business: customer and market, product and innovation Operational risks: including Safety systems, Environmental risks, Human reliability, Organizational risk Financial risks: the risk associated to any form of finance (credit, market) Stage 3 In stage 3 identification of the process and the way of application in each individual area and the way to interwork build the process of risk management. Risk Identification: Manual in practical Statistics as input Risk Assessment:In the culture of the company the information about the risk management should be important part. Risk Response and Risk control. Proper Training of Risk analysis. To identify the need of training for the people whose responsibility is coordinating and implementing the risk management. The manual does not give direction for each area specifically, but will be the general guidance to need of implementation of risk management The responsible person in each area wil analyze and detailed knowledge That will make risk management successful. Competency Policy in Risk Analysis An organization may use a numerous methods and technique when risk mapping is implement . For risk analysis, there are a wide range of techniques used: HAZOP/HAZAN/FMEA/FTA Studies Statistical analysis of past incidents Consequence modeling Risk level Comprehensive Quantitative Risk Assessments Monte Carlo simulations Determination of individual/societal risks Determination of environmental risks In the light of the above manual personnel in the organization will have required experience for the described techniques. The policy will include evaluating the competence strength and weakness of the skills. It will also identify and shape the risks which apply to different people working in various departments.The realization of sophisticated methods used by experts. Creation of risk mitigation along with control plan with the option of implimintation. The input should be provided for the development of organization risk management system. Authorization of Risk Traning. The Managers working with other departments should be responsible for traning.Approval should be made by top management and ensure of the planning. .Relation to the market with competence considerations. Operational risks The risk factors may be caused due to deliveries and financial situation on the supplies side.one of the factor is long term dependency to supplier. Safety Regulations should be implemented. Production risk Risk Analysis Requirements Supplier risk Information Risk. Financial Risk. The Hauwei has made efforts to control Risks in its acatvities.Due to the expansion of the company internationally, new partners are entered and IT dependency increases new risks are created. Huawei has been affected due to currency inflation in the market. To mitigate these kind of risk arises from foreign currency exchange Huawei use cash equivalents, financial receivables, debt of short and long term. Types of Financial Risk Change in Currency conversion rate Interest rates Assets lost Economical risk . Management ReviewTo see status of the project and resource allocation management review is done. The analysis results of audits, preventive and corrective actions is done by management rivew.Due to management review some decisions can be made like increase resources:Imrovement in risk management process,machines,manpower etc The information management system can be introduced and be the out put for management review. . Some methods we can use: SWOT This technique is used on finding strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats and then analysis of risk on the basis of our finding. In Huawei we keep on conduct SWOT analysis which can help in identifying and managing of risk.. Breakdown: Risk in break down is of great importance and should be checked regularly and preventive measure should be taken to minimize. Product Liabilities: liability like people must be kept into deliberation. Accept Risk Some of the risk may be of low importance and just accept without removing.The significant business risk may be formal and must be decided by senior managers. Avoid Risk Avoidance risk is to change business practices and no more exposed to specific risk. Transfer Risk To share some of the risk with other is called transfer risk we can take Insurance policy as a example. Risk management organizational levels Each member of the organization has to play a role in management system control,as it is the process dependent on the people.The role of individual people in risk control varies in organization .The most top management should define the rules for risk management and control.every body in the organization should have responsibility of controlling the risk. COMPTENCE ANALYSIS: Competence analysis in an organization can be done by interviewing the individuals or the teams and asses what needs to be done to improve the situation in order to minimize the risk of failure. In order to understand competence analysis we have to describe the level of competence so that we could compare the risks involved in different areas of the organization.A target framework derived from business strategies, plans, objectives and targets.Analysis of strategic requirements, gathered from the obtained framework. Covering all aspects of changes required regarding to that framework. Strategic, critical,declining and core competencies. Level of competence is different in different areas of an organization, depending upon the roles and responsibilities of the employees. We can make a competency model by dividing the organization into teams depending on their ability, experience and skills with more focus in the risk management area. In this way we will be able to see the important competencies in different departments. We split the competence levels into the following three: Low Medium High COMPETENCE MAPPING: Competence mapping is the process from which we can asses and determine the strength of workforce of employees to avoid any kind of risks. The employees play an important role in the success and development of an organization.We can use the competence mapping to identify the knowledge of the employees in risk management and then fill the gaps with the training. Competence mapping is a chart that shows the specification level. The present competence level and required level is marked in the chart with the diversified lines. The gap between the lines points out the required developments that must be addressed in the competence development plan. When the competence levels are evaluated, the competence mapping can be drawn. COMPETENCE GAPS: It is essential to define the competence gaps of the employers; because the performance of the employers depends in large part of skills of the employers. It is also very important for many organizations to define which skills, that the employers must have, are necessary for that particular area of the organization.Analyzing the Competence gap help us to identify which competence in risk management is needed for each employee. We can identify these gaps by comparing the current situation of the workforce and our future needs. If we have a rating between Current Requirements and Future Requirements and it is larger than the Competency that we posses that means we have a competency gap. This helps them improve and provide an environment for the implementation of risk management system. PLANNING FOR IMPROVED COMPETENCE SHORT RANGE AND LONGRANGE Risk management can not be seen as one time project, it has to improved and followed up all time. It is needed a plan for the improvement of the competence in order to make it works. Also it is very important to have a plan for improving the competence in a short and long range. After the evaluation of the risk management knowledge of the employees, the plan for the competence training short range will be developed. Once the competence gaps are found out, here are the required basic steps that must befollowed in order to develop a plan to overcome those gaps and to improve the competencies. Finding out the key skills required by the organization Evaluate the personals: To evaluating the personals and examine their levels in each of the relevant competencies. Requesting a feedback from stakeholders, colleagues and managers. Ordering and prioritizing the gaps: When it comes to focusing on closing the gaps, risk management department should choose the best option or way to cope it. It could beanother training class or a session with subject matters, reading for self-improvement subjects etc. Controlling the progress: The final step for the overcoming the competence gaps and improving them process should be monitoring the process that the risk department or committee have taken to increase the personnels competence levels. Once the committee is convinced that the target level for the personals is reached, they can close and improve the gap and move to the next priority area. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE COMPETENCE TRAINING IN RISK ANALYSIS SYSTEM Since the word competence is quite important for the job performance, the role of managers to do the planning and implementation of training process is very critical. So, they should be very careful before and during the training process, since their misunderstandings could lead up the unexpected risks.Creating a training material is important to be ensure that this training is delivered to the right personnel at the right time.It is undeniable that using competency training and competency assessment provide theorganization to reduce risk and to improve performance by developing competency frameworks. Below, there are rules that should be taken into account when creating or implementing a competence training system in a risk analysis system; It is important for employees to be able to actualize their performance what they have learned during the training process and to be encouraged to apply their thoughts and opinions into the real case. This will allow them to be clear and be more precise while they identify, evaluate and analyzing the risk. It is clear that competence training is used within the risk analysis system of an organization in order to increase efficiency of employees current job performance.Competence training system should be well integrated to risk analysis system so that the attendances are active participants and able to create solutions to reduce the risk of the organization during and after the training system.A risk analysis system can be well done by applying the competence training to risk committee.This can provide the employers a better understanding and gives some real ideas in the field of risk management. PLANS FOR SECURING THE COMPETENCE NEEDED There is a need of reviewing the strategy for securing the competence needed, A plan for spreading the information within the company has to be reviewed all the time through the internal trainings, job rotation, documenting all the work done from consultants working in the different areas and spreading the culture of sharing knowledge among the employees. The risk manager has to be working very close to the managers of each area to identify the key persons and not allowing that a gap occurs when the person leaves the company, jeopardizing the projects and products quality Securing the competencies for an organization can be guided by an integration approach that is measured by the organizations strategy. As an instance, for an organization, in order to secure the necessary competencies, some actions can be taken such as developing and involving new skills and competence in the right place and right time.Enriching the value of expertise of the organization by clearly identifying the strategicareas.Additional training for the development by ordering and prioritizing the training programs.After the competence are determined, identifying a competence development plan byutilizing from career planning, experts opinion, guidance for recruitment etc. EVALUATION OF TRAINING RESULTS The evaluation of the trainings demonstrates that if this training has a positive or negative or no impact on the risk area.After defining the risk areas and objectives in these risk areas, these objectives can be evaluated by using a post-training evaluation form. About the content, methods, materials and delivery of the training, the participants opinions can be asked and they can asked to ratetheir satisfactions about these titles. After gathering these risk evaluation forms andparticipants opinions, the training workshops about risk areas can be revised and performed again. In order to evaluate the impact of the training on defined risk areas, an impact monitoring exercise can be performed. This can involve sampling from random trainersevaluations about these training. These evaluations can be a questionnaire which was fulfilled by participants about the trainings. AUDIT OF THE COMPETENCE SYSTEM To audit the competence of the system, the standards, guidelines and procedures should be identified. Standards determine compulsory requirements for auditing and reporting. They can be auditors skills, knowledge or experience, etc. Also the auditors should use professional judgments in their application. The aim of guidelines is to explain how to obey the auditing standards. Apart from these standards, guidelines and procedures, an auditor would be going in search of addressing these issues to audit an organizations compliance with the competence.The organization should evaluate the impressiveness of activities taken to meet competence needs and to make certain the needed competence has been gathered.The organization can use many kinds of techniques and tools like role-play,observation, reviews of trainings and employment records, interviews, etc. for theevaluation method of effectiveness of activities.The organization should determine what competencies are needed by team performing work which affects quality.The auditor should determine the approach to define these competencies for organization.To control the quality characteristics of products or processes, the competent personnel should be assigned.The auditor may survey job descriptions, testing or official examination activities,records of management reviews, definitions of responsibilities and authorities, audit records, customer complains, process validation records, etc. to verify the competenceof personnel for the work. IMPROVEMENTS AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS Improvement opportunities during an audit can be documented to make certain corrections.Also problems can be related with the specific compliance areas and business processes so that high risk areas can be identified easily.Corrective actions are steps which are taken to address existing non compliance and make improvements. These actions take care of actual problems which have been occurred. They define the cause of these problems and solve them by removing causes. These corrective actions can be defined as problem solving processes. Problem costs can be determined so that resources can be set aside to areas where the business would utilize them with best benefit. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS The organization should define the actions to remove the causes of potential non conformities in order to prevent their occurrence. These actions should be defined properly due to the effectiveness of potential problems. The process of preventive actions can be defined as :Define potential problems and their causes.Evaluate the requirement for preventive actions for these problems.Define and execute the action needed.Record the results of preventive action and review it.

Free the Children, by Craig Kielburger Essay -- abusive child labor

Iqbal Masih was just four years old when his single mother used him as collateral on a loan between a local employer of a carpet weaving factory in Pakistan to pay for her eldest son’s wedding. For the six long years he was employed, a typical workday included at least 14 hour shifts for six days a week with only one 30 minute break. Even though Iqbal lived under terrible conditions and the relentless threats of abuse, his mother had no choice but to keep borrowing money from the employer to make ends meet at home. Employers charging high interest rates and increasing the total debt owed by a family was not out of the ordinary. Masih’s employer included fines to the original loan when he erred on the job and for the daily bowl of rice—making freedom an unattainable goal. During the six years he was â€Å"employed†, the debt increased from a mere 600 rupees ($6.06) to 13,000 rupees ($13.13). But with the aid of an organization for human rights, Masih escaped at the age of ten and was soon after enrolled in school. After his escape, he helped others break free and traveled to numerous countries as an advocate against child labor. Sadly, at the young age of 12, he was murdered under mysterious conditions, which gave way to conspiracy stories. The fact that the stories from key witnesses changed on more than one occasion did not help the truth come out. Major newspapers around the world wrote about Masih’s story, even though it was often demoted towards the end of the newspaper. It was not long before both the media and the public disregarded it. A little less than seven thousand miles away from Pakistan, however, another 12-year-old boy in Thornhill, Canada devoted Masih’s story to memory, an undertaking that signified the beginning ... ...urger. Every person begins as an average person, but somewhere down the road they realize what they are doing is not enough. As a result of this enlightenment, they walk down a different path than others and stand up for what they believe in. It is this commitment that changes this ordinary person into an extraordinary individual. They embark on adventures that are said to be hopeless and succeed in attaining it. Arising from there – a tenacious resolution to do what is morally correct – nothing is no boundary for what can be accomplished. Works Cited http://history1900s.about.com/od/1990s/a/IqbalMasih.htm Craig Kielburger, Kevin Major, Free the Children, (New York: Harper Collins, 1998), p. 10. bid. Free the Children p. 280 http://www.peaceheroes.com/CraigKielburger/craigkielburgerbio.htm#Top http://www.freethechildren.org/aboutus/history-ftc.htm

Customer Service Strategy of British Airways Essay

British Airways is one of the worlds leading airlines with a network that provides passenger and freight services to 149 destinations in 72 countries. Its airline network is centered on the United Kingdom where 85% of its 47,500 workforce is based. The mission of the company is to deliver services that matter for people and how to fly. In order to achieve or realize this mission; British Airways recognizes the importance of working in partnership with its stakeholders. This has significantly influenced its approach to corporate social responsibility. The main reason why the company has decided to engage CR is to help it achieve its long-term strategic goals in providing growth opportunities around the health airport Today most companies are redesigning their operations and management style in order to increase customers satisfaction and productivity. With the introduction of the new technology, a lot of changes have been brought in the business environments. Different companies are coming up with various types of new information and technology in order to improve their businesses. This paper therefore utilizes the various tools  Ã‚   of writing a research proposal to investigate how the new technology has made British airways company to improve the way it serves its customers what should be noted is that the success of any organization will depend on the quality of customer service skills employees have. The company has not been left out in coming up with new method s of satisfying its customers. Communication more efficiently If we consider the number of immigrants (passengers) visiting United Kingdom from east and central Europe, it can be said that the company has realized a lot of benefits. However the company needs to do a lot in order to attract more passengers and tourists into the region. To date many tourists are raising questions about security measures and long lines made when booking for flights movements from major cities to the air ports has also not been possible. This research proposal has therefore been developed to investigate the efforts the company has put forward to improve customer satisfaction which covers the area of booking, traveling to the Airport in order to catch up with time and finally security measures that have been taken. This is because terrorism and drug trafficking has been mentioned as public enemy number one in the region. Passengers or tourists would not like to risk their lives when cases of terrorism are high. This means that the company needs to address the issues of tight security to ensure that its customers are protected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any research proposal there must be an area dealing with significant of study that is the rationale of the study (Gill and Johnson, 1997). The company to make some adjustment in order to improve their services and attract more customers will use the information on the study. The government will also use the information to address areas that needs provision of services such as upgrading public transport system, security and provision of social amenities. Research question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research question in this study will focus on the way the British airways company has improved its services to attract more customers and serve its customers better (Veal, 1997) .The following research questions will be used to assist in directing the study in this given area. The questions are as follows. Are there changes in the way passengers are served at airports?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2) What measures should be taken to ensure that security and safety of passengers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   are provided by British Airways? 3) Is there any link between public transport and airports to improve passengers’ satisfaction in order to reduce congestion? 4) What should British airways do in order to grab the biggest share of this growing market? Objectives of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This research proposal is on investigating how British Airways has tried to improve the service to passengers. According to Clark (1998) the objectives of any study should be specific, smart, realistic and time bound.   The specific objectives on the study will be: To evaluate the safety and security measures taken by airports and airlines security department to ensure passenger are protected. To find out the measures taken to promote easy movement of passengers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3) To investigate how the company has tried to address the issue of customer satisfaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   especially passengers. Hypothesis of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hypothesis developed in this paper will be used to provide a general answer to the problems being searched on. However these hypotheses are subjected to clarification where by they will be tested to confirm whether they are true or not (Johns and Lee-ross,1998). The following alternative hypotheses therefore have been constructed to achieve objectives stated above. H2: Online booking of tickets has been developed to improve services offered to passengers. H3: Public transport has been established to help in easy movement of passengers from and to the airports. H4: Security has been increased to ensure that passengers are protected from any threats. Literature review Literature review is one of the most important aspects of a research proposal (Hart, 1998). It involves reviewing the existing literature in order to a void wasteful duplication of work other researchers had previously done. It is divided into three sections whereby the first section deals with online booking, second section deals with modification on transport and last one on security measures. Online ticketing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of the new technology have been seen in the air transport sector. To date it can be said that online shopping has become a feature of modern life. Passengers who are traveling using air transport can now take or find their tickets through the use of Internet (Debra and Colin, 2003,p7). They can further customize their tickets by adding meal preferences and self selected seat numbers to make them feel satisfied. The new technology has also made it easier for airlines to communicate information to passengers very easily about conditions attached to fares and about general conditions of carriage (Arnold, 2004). This has led to reduction of cases of inconveniency during travel (Finn, Elliot and Walton, 2000)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A number of airlines are now shifting from traditional way of obtaining tickets to modern way where online shopping is encouraged. For instance easy Jet has ensured that over 98% of its bookings are made online (Rigas, 2002,p31). The Internet according to passengers has made booking of air tickets much easier than ever before. Among the advantage it has include saving time, and money since passengers will tend to avoid agents premiums and booking fees. Passengers therefore have time to make their decision on what to pick on. Online ticket sales by region Region    Own Airline Web-site All online Channels E-tickets issued             Industry average 11.0% 14.5% 19.1% North America 29.5% 37.1% 41.4% Europe 15.2% 16.0% 20.7% Asia Pacific 7.6% 10.2% 16.5% Source: Airline Business, July 2004 The table above shows the increase in passengers using online tickets during travel by British Airways. Travel to airports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Must of the passengers using air transport have not recognized the need to use public transport in order to get to and from the airport. This has led to congestion on surrounding roads. To reduce the congestion on the roads passengers are encouraged to use pubic transport to avoid being late. Many passengers do have bulky luggage and at the same time they will be required to be at the airport at a given time (Magalia, 2000). Use of surface access links should therefore be encouraged especially by travelers undertaking inter-urban journeys for business, non-work/leisure community and freight that are using links which are not directly connected with the ports or airport (Stabler, 1997,p17).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing directors and chief executive officers of the various airlines and airports have also encouraged the use of Buses and coach services to airports in order to reduce congestion and provide a public transport service to those for whom rail is not available option. These services are offered twenty four seven to increase efficiency and effectiveness when handling customers (Danny and Barbara, 2002,p11). The bus and coach services are made easily accessible and available from the airport and drop-off points, which are also well placed at strategic points. The Transport for London (TFL) for instance had agreed that bus stops and bus stations were to be located as close as possible to passenger objectives, including terminals and work places. The investment in coach and bus facilities that are well placed will attract more passengers to use the air transport more frequently, which in turn will lead to improved development of airline business (David, 1995). Airport officials currently are working with public transport operators to harmonize the linkage between airports and other cities and towns in the country (Fredrick, 2006,p25). Good infrastructure development is one of the indicators of economic growth of a given country. When links to the airports are many well established those who will be traveling will also be many.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of Rail transport has also led to some significant improvement but still premature. The breakdown of modes of transport used by migrants from UK airports shows low levels of rail use. However the low level of rail use can seriously change when new facilities are provided. For example the building of Docklands light Rail link into city Airport has resulted in 49% of passengers using Dhr therefore leading to an increase in public transport usage from 31% in 2003 to 50% in 2007 which off course was recognized as one of the highest rail mode-shares at any airport in the UK (Danny and Barbar, 2002,p9). Security and Safety issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The need for strong and tight security measures was realized on 10 August 2006 when police officers tried to stop a suspected plot to blow up several planes leaving the UK, possibly using liquid explosives carried on board in hand luggage (Fredrick, 2006,p28). Around twenty people were arrested but the greatest challenge was to introduce a new technology that could detect any dangerous weapon carried by passengers. Restrictions on hand luggage were introduced whereby passengers were only allowed to carry a small range of essential items such as prescription medicines in but in recommended quality. In the beginning the introduction of these restrictions led to the widespread disruption to flights departing from all UK airports including the cancellation of many flights. Passengers are only to carry one small bag without any liquid or gels onto their flight (Frank, 2005,p16).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we talk of security, most passengers have developed negative attitude towards using air transport because of security threats. The security issue has affected airline business and it is now the major problem that airlines should address (Melanie, 2003). Among the problems include longer queues, increased waiting times to go through security and increasing intrusion for passengers. In UK the situation is even worse in airports with large numbers of transferring passengers. Most of the airlines have been forced to cancel their flights because of security threats. For example British Airways announced in September 2006 that the August alert had cost them â‚ ¤40 million losses from the business (Joby, 2003). Further losses were also experienced since more funds were to be used in coming up or implementing effective measures. The airlines are everyday becoming more frustrated at the continuing difficulties at security points (Stephen, 2002,p84). This calls for the assistance of Government and airport operators in order to ensure that UK airports are able and capable of handling unexpected events (Harold and Evra, 1994,p7).            . Data Collection method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This chapter deals with how data on study will be conducted. Basically two methods will be used that is administering questionnaires and interviews. Five students in one of the universities in London will be selected taking a degree in airline and airport management to assist in collection of data. These students will be given a thorough training for two days in relevant questions in the questionnaire. A total of five passengers will be interviewed. The CEO, transport manager and security officer will also be interviewed. The sampling method for picking passengers will be randomized clustered sampling. Data collection method and techniques   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviews will be conducted where the interviewers will have with themselves a set of questions to be asked and answered. They will be expected to have undergone thorough training on both the method and meaning of each item on the questionnaire. The students will also be expected to be familiar with the different airports and airlines in UK and piloting of the questionnaires will be done first to test for construct validity. Data collection procedures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data collection procedure will be through questionnaire and interviews. The interviewers in order to carry out the study will be trained on the topic of study will conduct direct face to face interviewers with the sample population stated above with the assistance of a well prepared questionnaire to elicit response and ensure consistency. Four categories of responses ranging from very satisfied (VS), neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (NS), very/fairly dissatisfied (VD) and don’t know (DN) will be used. Limitation of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The survey will deal with different people from different cultural background. The interviewers may have problem of winning the attention and trust of passengers. Difficulties in convincing them to be free and honest may arise. Lack of adequate funds may also hinder the success of the study for it to be completed in time. Work Plan Phase Activity Time 1 Choosing study topic and looking for objectives and hypothesis 10/11/2007 – 20/11/2007 2 Research design Developing, questionnaires 25/11/2007 – 30/11/2007 3 Developing literature review chapter and reading books 02/12/2007 – 04/12/2007 4 Writing chapter on research methodologies 07/12/2007 – 15/12/2007 5 Finding the relevant research tools 20/12/2007-24/12/2007 6 Preparation and presentation of finding 25/12/2007 – 30/12/2007 7 Write up of the report 01/01/2008 – 05/01/2008 Structure of the questionnaire    Very/ fair satisfied (%) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (%) (ND) Very dissatisfied (%) (VD) Don’t know (%) (DN) Public transport link to airport             Number of destination served             Cost of flight             Airport security             Airport facilities             Level of flight delays             Information about flight at airport             Check in times             Local services provision and Access             Bibliography Arnold, D.C (2004). Lt. Gen, Forests. S Mc Cartney. The First Space Professional; Air power History, Vol 51 Clark, M (1998) Researching and Writing Dissertations in Hospitality and Tourism. London. Thompson Business press David, J (1995) Filling up The British Experience, 1896 – 1940, Journal of Design History, Vol.8 Douglas G.P. & Richard, W. B. (1999).   Contemporary Issues in Tourism.   New York: Routledge. Debra J. & Colin, T. (2003).   Issues in cultural Tourism.   New York:   Routledge Danny, M. & Barbara, D (2002) Public Relations Cases:   International Perspectives. New York: Routledge Frank, P. Harvey. (2005).   Canada Addition to American Security; The Illusion of Choice in the War on Terrorism (1,2); American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 35 Fredrick. M. Burkale Jr. (2006). Globalization and Disaster, Issues of public health, state capacity and political Action, journal of international Affairs, Vol. 59 Finn, M., Elliot-White, M. and Walton. (2000). Tourism And Leisure Research   Ã‚   Methods. Harlow, Essex: Pearson education. Gill, J & Johnson, P. (1997). Research Methods For Managers 2nd ed. London:   Ã‚   Paul Chapman Harold, F. O. & Evra, L.B. (1994).   Technology Assessment in software Application.    London Lawrence Earl Baum Association. Hart, C (1998). Doing A Literature Review. London Gage Publication Johns, N & Lee –ross, D (1998). Research Methods in Service industry Management. London Cassel Joby, J. (2003). Fundamental of Customer – Focused Management; Competing through service; Westport CT: Praeger Magalia, D. (2000). Barrier and Incentives to the Adoption of ISO 14001 firms in the United States, Duke Environmental law & Policy Forum, Vol.11 Melanie, K.S. (2003). Issues in cultural Tourism. New York. Routledge. Rigas, D. (2002). Flying off Course:   The Economic of International Airlines. New York: Routledge. Stabler, M.C. (1997). The economics of Tourism. New York: Routledge. Stephen L. Baird. (2002).   Biometrics â€Å"Security Technology: It is important for students to understand that Technology can be used as part of a solution to a problem. The technology Teacher Vol. 61 Veal, A.J. (1997). Research In Tourism And Leisure: practical Guide. London: Financial   Ã‚  Ã‚   Times, pitman

Afterlife, The essays

Afterlife, The essays Afterlife When we think about the afterlife today it is easy to categorize the locations after death: Heaven and Hell. As Christians, we have guidelines in which to receive eternal life and we follow the life as Jesus Christ, and according to the Bible, through Him we are saved. Pretty simple to concept, but in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India, the afterlife is not so easy to grasp. Polytheism, pharaohs, and Buddha will all be prevalent in this exploration of the afterlife in ancient civilizations. Mesopotamians also called Sumerians believed that the afterlife was a bleak and dismal existence. It was commonly called the House of Darkness and entitled an eternity in the ground. They were polytheistic and the Gods in which they believed in were said to be just like us. In fact, we were copies of divine models, made in the image of the Gods. They were petty and violent. If the Mesopotamians did not worship correctly the Gods would become angry and punished the people. The punishment often took form of natural catastrophes such as droughts or floods (Adler, 11-12). To avert punishment, the gods had to be appeased with frequent, costly rituals and ceremonies, which were the responsibly of a Kircher 2 hereditary priesthood (Adler, 17). Worshipping of the Gods meant building huge temples called Ziggurats in their name (Adler, 11). The Tower of Babel in Babylon is the temple which gained the most fame through the Bible(Adler , 11). It was built long after the Sumerian epoch (Adler, 11). The certainty of afterlife was not known, but the best approach was to appease the Gods by making offerings and hope for the best in the afterlife (Adler, 12). The Assyrian Empire could certainly be compared to the Gods in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians were very cruel and thought that they should be worshipped like divine leaders. Tiglath- Pilesar III helped come up with the five pillars of the empire. One pillar was the religious ideology that the Gods ...

College Admissions - My Personal Statement essays

College Admissions - My Personal Statement essays My intended major is Economics. I believe studying economics will not only help me to develop my professional business skills, but it will also help me to understand how the economy affects society. Besides pursuing my collegiate career, I have gained experiences from fulfilling my family obligation of working in my aunt ¡Ã‚ ¯s liquor store. In this position, I apply supply and demand concepts in running a business in order to maximize profit. I give suggestions regarding merchandise selection based on customers ¡Ã‚ ¯ economic status. I advise my aunt how much to offer for sale and how to cut overhead costs. In the recent economic recession, I suggested shifting merchandise categories to lower quality goods because the unemployment rate had increased and income levels had decreased. Also, some of my work entails daily accounting practices, such as tallying receipts, delivering money to the bank and making sure the receipts and inventory are kept in balance. I feel these experiences have helped me become more familiar with the application of abstract and bookish economic concepts that I am studying in my classes. Moreover, I have learned how to enhance my communication skills with people, which is another asset in the economics field. Talents I am passionate about writing. I have an interest in understanding human instincts, relationships, and spiritualities within this material world that we live in. This interest has shaped my creative sensitivities. When I attended one of the best high schools in Guizhou Province, China, I was actively involved in writing essays and poems for the school newspaper. I received the Student Writing Pioneer Award from my school because my work in literature represented imagery and symbolism. School seminars held every month treated my essays as models of good writing and used them for discussions. For this reason, I was voted president of the literature club at school. Or...

Citizenship in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citizenship in Thailand - Essay Example The generators of the nation-states tried to typify the people so that it would be easier for them to be controlled through the standardization of citizenship. However, individual rights as well as the formal correspondence of citizens have given rise to new-fangled limitations and borders, whereby, international disparities such as class, gender, ethnicity, and faction have been caused to be invisible by the national discourse fore the reason that it stressed on the completeness and unity, nevertheless, have failed to identify the prohibitions or disparities which people have experienced so far2. This paper talks about the background notions and discourse that associates to nationality as well as citizenship with meticulous reference to Thailand. With regards to the private laws and human rights and how it relates to the international law provisions as well as notions about nationality are a subject of concern here. In views of Huddleston and Kerr, in its simplest interpretation, citizenship refers to the stand of being a citizen or member of a particular community or state3. In such a sense, citizenship hinges upon certain rights and responsibilities which are described in the law. The rights could be the right to vote, the liability of paying tax, etc. Citizenship is sometimes construed as nationality which is interpreted when an individual mentions about applying or acquiring citizenship. The Thai constitution has served the segregation of the rules of play in the politics of Thailand. The sole rationale of subsequent constitutions as well as amendments has always been to provide and sustain the authority and benefit of whichever military or political faction occurred to be overriding enough at the time of proliferation4. Without appropriate citizenship, an individual in Thailand is efficaciously a non-person who is unable to vote, purchase land, look for legal vocation, and tour between regions. Moreover, they are denied admittance to secondary education and liberated government health care. The process of acquirement of Thai citizenship is quite an intricate process due to the snag of bureaucracy as well as substantial corruption. To acquire Thai citizenship, it is mandatory for an individual to prove that both he and one his blood parents were born in Thailand. More to it, a child in need of proving that one of his parents were born in Thailand, is initially supposed to prove that one of his grandparents was born in Thailand, and so on5 (Newsletter, 2008). 2.1 Governance Issues In terms of the governance concept, Thailand lacks the quintessential type. The judicial processes which are the foundation of facilitating the common citizen

The Role of Lead Users in New Product Development Essay

The Role of Lead Users in New Product Development - Essay Example This paper discusses that given the dynamic environment within which the marketing activity is carried out, there is no gain saying the fact that product innovation occupy a very prime position in the quest to maintain relevance in the market of a modern economy. As the report stresses lead users maybe defined as a sample population of a manufacturers intended market, who get to use a new product before it is actually launched in the market and name generally available to every would be user. A very important indicator of the health of a company is its customer satisfaction index. This all important indicator can be known only after a thorough market analysis, which can be achieved when the lead users approach is adopted. The ultimate aim in the mind of manufacturers is to make sales and by extensions make profit considering that more sales is a strong indicator of a company’s performance at any given time. Lead users aid market research because it results in systematic gathering, recording and analysis of every data concerning the response of the consumers to the new product. These are the potential customer base of the company and how they react is an indicator of market tendencies and effective business plans can then be created by the manufacturers. The most likely portion of the population to patronize the products are exposed via this approach to market analysis. At a very early stage product downsides are discovered and improved upon.

REL133 wk 5 contemporary issues facing the assigned Eastern religious Essay

REL133 wk 5 contemporary issues facing the assigned Eastern religious tradition - Essay Example This means that these movements have something in common with what societies understand as constituting religion. There is what can be considered as mainstream religions like Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, atheism and so on. The fact that there are some movements that are implicitly regarded as religions in their very nature and characteristics is an indication that all religions share a common characteristic or a number of characteristics which can be sorted out. One such religion that shares many characteristics with other religions is Hinduism and, in this paper, the common characteristics that Hindu religion shares with other religions will be outlined and discussed. Like many other religion’s mythologies, Hindu mythology is rich, multifarious and inclusive. In this case, like many other religions, Hindu mythology is a portrayal of terrible in benevolence, triviality alongside the cosmic and sublimity in grotesque (Vaz, 2001). Many religions are based on these pi llars and are not an ordinary ideation but an ideation of powers that are beyond human understanding. Apart from Christianity and Islam, most religions draw or associate the powers with some form and in many cases, the forms are numerous and hierarchical (Vaz, 2001). Like many religions, Hinduism has many gods and each god has its own association, function, and associated shape or form. Moreover, Hinduism like many other religions such as Islam, Christianity and Jewish religions draws their inspiration and religious knowledge from texts. Christianity draws from a number of texts combined into a bible and Islam has a number of texts combined into a Quran. Hinduism has important texts such as Upanishad, Rig Veda and Bhagvad Gita; usually referred to as the four Vedas or â€Å"books of knowledge† (Beversluis, 2000, p. 52). Religion constitutes a belief in a power and Hinduism, like many religions is a power and not an ordinary ideation. Hinduism acknowledges the presence of four major goals namely material, satisfaction of desire, human position and beyond life. The acknowledgement of an existence beyond life is among all religions and entails a goal of achieving liberation from unending cycles of rebirth in which all living beings are locked. Like Christianity, Hinduism believes in the trinity of god. While Christians acknowledge God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit; Hinduism believes in â€Å"Brahama the creator, Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the destroyer† (Flood & Olivelle, 2003, p.273). Many religions integrate various heterogeneous elements and like them, Hinduism is a complex and a continuous whole with religious, artistic, social and economic aspects. These aspects inhere in the fact that Hinduism, like many other religions, covers the wholeness of life. As a result, Hinduism is not fit explained in terms of a single definition but rather a characteristic. In addition, there are countless rituals that are associated with Hin duism as in other religions. Christianity, Islam and many other religions base their belief and knowledge on various rituals, which are meant to appease their gods and spirits (Vijay, 2001). Hinduism is a religion that is associated with many gods and goddesses. Like many other polytheist religions, these gods are believed to rule the world. The three gods that are

Video Games Affecting Children Essay Example for Free

Video Games Affecting Children Essay Video games around the world have become immensely popular, a multi-billion dollar industry. An industry which revolves around the wants and desires of children and teens. An industry with a creation of unique entertainment like no other. An industry that continues to grow rapidly. Hours and hours are spent each day by youths playing these games, but are they really good for them? Are they educational? Games which educate a child’s mind exist but they wouldn’t be as popular as your top seller shooting game. Nowhere even close. Here I am today to tell, to inform, and to enlighten parents on the dangers of letting your child play these violent games. As a child, I found that my parents seemed to push away all sorts of violent games, no matter how badly I wanted them. It didn’t seem to make sense at first but as I grew older, I saw the younger generation getting addicted to games like these and without doubt, showed a different behaviour and attitude. In this modern age, a child or teen is quite likely to have a gaming console or access to the internet or a friend who does. With these, they can play or access games which may contain violent content. As youths play these games in excess, they tend to act out what they may see or hear in front of their friends and family. It gives them a tendency to act aggressive and violent. They learn new things, like bad language. They may use foul language against their friends and possibly repeat violent stunts at home. These games are full of foul language, bloody scenes and criminal behaviour. It gives them a prospect for confrontation with peers, with siblings, with parents and even with their teachers. They engage in fights which in turn could cause possible decline in their studies. They could even brush aside their school work to sit in front of a television because it’s like an addiction to them. The question is: should parents be encouraged to disallow their son or daughter to be entertained by these types of video games? The answer is up to you, as parents. It is up to you to observe whether you see a change in attitude among your kids and if in a negative way, then you should take action in order for your child to behave in an appropriate manner among people. Games like these are everywhere, so your child will grow up in an environment where they will play them. Although, it is always recommended to look at the age rating of the game before you buy it, to see whether or not your son or daughter fits into the category of restriction. You can even set limits on how long they should be allowed to play games, just so they don’t get too involved with the theme of the game. It’s absolutely paramount for a child to grow up in a positive environment. In my opinion, games that involve the likes of drugs, bloodshed, criminal behaviour, foul language and violence should not be banned, but put into higher restriction everywhere. There should be more age limitations and games that involve hostility at a lower level. So parents, do you know what games your children are playing? Have a look.

The Third And Final Continent Essay

The Third And Final Continent Essay The character I have chosen for analysis from Jhumpa Lahiri short story, The Third and Final Continent, is the narrator, a very dynamic character who adapts to the traditions and lifestyles of the continents he travels to especially America. The narrator exhibits the most characteristics than any other character in the story because he is talking about his life and the actions that he takes when encountering a certain obstacle. The narrator also shows the most change than any other character. Living from one continent to another continent and then to another continent again can dramatically change how a person lives, thinks, and even eat. Despite all the changes that he experiences he still retains some traditions from his culture of origin with the help of a stranger that he meets. This is a positive characteristic that distinguishes the narrator from any other character in the story. The narrators life contrasts somewhat to other immigrants because they must all undergo a certain t ype of change and must worry about the passing of traditions to their American born children. The life of the narrator is a clear example of what most immigrants must go through when living in a new continent. The tone of the narrator sounds somewhat non enthusiastic or plain due to the fact that both of his parents have passed away. He shows strong love and respect for his parents. Before we cremated her I had cleaned each of her fingernails with a hairpin. I had assumed the role of eldest son, and had touched the flame to her temple; to release her tormented soul to heaven (Jhumpa Lahiri 654). The narrator is also a very well educated man, a graduate from LSE (London School of Economics), and he also has a knack for learning new things. I attended lectures at LSE. I read every article and advertisement, so I would grow familiar with things, and when my eyes grew tired I slept (Lahiri 650-651). The narrator faces an internal conflict: how can he be a modern American Indian and retain some of the old traditional Indian ways at the same time? His quest continues with the birth of his son, afraid that his son will forget his Indian traditions. So we drive to Cambridge to visit him, or bring him home for a weekend, so that he can eat rice with us with his hands, and speak in Bengali, things we sometimes worry he will no longer do after we die (Lahiri 662). The narrator tells to his son the journey of himself surviving in three totally different continents as a way for his son to gain the morale that he needs to overcome any obstacle. There is evidence in the story which suggest that the narrator is trying to find solutions for his problem because he tries to retain some of his old traditional ways by eating egg curry and walking barefoot in the house and being modern by telling his wife that she does not have to wear her sari all the time. And took turns cooking pots of egg cur ry, which we ate with our hands on a table covered with newspapers (Lahiri 650). There is no need to cover you head, I said. I dont mind. It doesnt matter here (Lahiri 660). Cooking egg curry is his main way of keeping Indian tradition alive. He cooks egg curry in India, in the crowded room in London, and even in his new home in America. He can never abandon his roots and obeys every aspect of his Indian culture. I regarded the proposition with neither objection nor enthusiasm. It was a duty expected of me, as it was expected of every man (Lahiri 654). The neutral remarks that he makes towards his arrange marriage shows that he is a very religious man, keeping alive some aspect of his tradition to allow him to survive the toughest of times. The narrator is astounded when he finds out from Mrs. Crofts daughter Helen that his land lady is over a century years old. I was mortified. I had assumed Mrs. Croft was in her eighties, perhaps as old as ninety (Lahiri 657). He could not bare the fact of a widow living all alone by herself because he once had close encounters with a widow before which drove her insane, his mother. Widowhood had driven my own mother insane. What pained me the most was to see her so unguarded And so it was my job to sit by mothers feet (Lahiri 657). When he realizes that Mrs. Croft is very old and also a widow for so long he starts to take care of her as if she was his own mother. At times I came downstairs before going to sleep, to make sure she was sitting upright on the bench, or was safe I her bedroom (Lahiri 658). This shows the narrators strong bond between stranger and stranger which later strengthens his relationship with Mala. His encounters with his land lady, Mrs. Croft guided him with his new life in America. He shows admiration for Mrs. Croft because she has survived for so long while keeping all of her old traditions intact and passing them on to her children. She added that it was also improper for a lady of Helens station to reveal her age and to wear a dress so high above the ankle (Lahiri 657). This paves the way for how the narrator should live his life and teach his son about Indian traditions. Mrs. Croft also symbolizes the narrators mother saying that Maya is a perfect lady! (Lahiri 662), as though she is approving of Maya to be the narrators wife. For immigrants, the challenges of exile, the loneliness, the constant sense of alienation, the knowledge of and longing for a lost world, are more explicit and distressing than for their children. On the other hand, the problem for the children of immigrants, those with strong ties to their country of origin, is that they feel neither one thing nor the other (Lahiri 663-664). This quote from Lahiri herself is basically what the theme of The Third and Final Continent is all about. It strongly interprets the narrators character in the story as an immigrant and the emotions that he feels when he enters a new country. It also explains the inner conflict in which he is trying to overcome of being a modern Indian and a traditional Indian at the same time, while explaining to his son how important it is to keep a little bit of tradition alive within you. Although not every immigrants life in America can relate to the narrators, it is true however that they all must undergo some type of chan ge when living in a new country for the very first time. Works Citied Lahiri, Jhumpa. Chapter 20/Fiction For Further Reading. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. 650-64. Print.

Merchant of Venice Essay examples -- Merchant of Venice Essays

Mercy v. Justice – Old Testament v. New Testament While the conflict between justice and mercy plays a key role in determining the outcome of The Merchant of Venice, this conflict is even more important because it provides a setting for the contrast between the rigid law and rules of the Old Testament and the concepts of mercy and forgiveness as taught by Christ in the New Testament. It is in the climactic trial scene that The Duke, hoping Shylock will excuse Antonio's penalty, asks him, â€Å"How shall thou hope for mercy rend'ring none?† He is referring to expectations of judgment in the afterlife. However, so is Shylock, when he counters, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong?† This exchange perfectly presents this conflict between of the Old Testament and the New, in which the former is seen to emphasize strict obedience as mankind’s obligation to God while the latter stresses God's grace and mercy. The laws and rules of the Old Testament insisted on strict justice, â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† (Exodus 21:23, 24; also see: Leviticus 24:19, 20; and Deuteronomy 19:21) while the New Testament calls for mercy, â€Å"Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy† (Matthew 5:7) said Christ in the Sermon on the Mount. He later added â€Å"Ye have heard that it hath been said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’; but I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.† (Matthew 5:39). Shakespeare’s version of â€Å"An eye for and eye† is found at the end of Shylock’s great speech in the trial scene of Act IV, â€Å"If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.† His demand for vengeance is made more understandable in this famous speech as he lays open the years of pain and anger caused by the anti-Semitic treatment and abuse from the likes of Antonio and the rest of Venetian society. But, while he is more a victim than a villain, he's not blameless. What turns Shylock into a ruthless avenger is his daughter’s elopement with a Christian and her rejection of the religion of her family. It is this betrayal by his own flesh and blood that renders Shylock seemingly merciless towards ... ...s and forgiving herself. One of the great ironies of this play happens when Shylock calls Portia, "A Daniel come to judgment, yea, a Daniel!" Daniel was the Old Testament judge of Susanna, a woman accused of being unchaste by the elders. The story is pointed because Daniel rules in Susanna's favor, thus rescuing her from her fate. After freeing her, he then in turn convicts the elders. Shylock's mistake is that while he is right in calling Portia a Daniel, he fails to recognize that he is the one who represents the elders and Antonio is the rescued Susanna. In the end, Shylock is prevented from cutting a pound of Antonio’s flesh from very near the merchant’s heart, but in a sense it is the Christians who cut Shylock’s heart out of his body without shedding a drop of his blood. While the Christians preach mercy when Antonio is at risk, the Christian court is happy to opt for Old Testament vengeance itself in exacting a punishment which leaves Shylock feeling that he might as well be dead-- â€Å"Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that, You take my house, when you do take the prop / That doth sustain my house: you take my life / When you do take the means whereby I live.† Merchant of Venice Essay examples -- Merchant of Venice Essays Mercy v. Justice – Old Testament v. New Testament While the conflict between justice and mercy plays a key role in determining the outcome of The Merchant of Venice, this conflict is even more important because it provides a setting for the contrast between the rigid law and rules of the Old Testament and the concepts of mercy and forgiveness as taught by Christ in the New Testament. It is in the climactic trial scene that The Duke, hoping Shylock will excuse Antonio's penalty, asks him, â€Å"How shall thou hope for mercy rend'ring none?† He is referring to expectations of judgment in the afterlife. However, so is Shylock, when he counters, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong?† This exchange perfectly presents this conflict between of the Old Testament and the New, in which the former is seen to emphasize strict obedience as mankind’s obligation to God while the latter stresses God's grace and mercy. The laws and rules of the Old Testament insisted on strict justice, â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† (Exodus 21:23, 24; also see: Leviticus 24:19, 20; and Deuteronomy 19:21) while the New Testament calls for mercy, â€Å"Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy† (Matthew 5:7) said Christ in the Sermon on the Mount. He later added â€Å"Ye have heard that it hath been said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’; but I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.† (Matthew 5:39). Shakespeare’s version of â€Å"An eye for and eye† is found at the end of Shylock’s great speech in the trial scene of Act IV, â€Å"If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.† His demand for vengeance is made more understandable in this famous speech as he lays open the years of pain and anger caused by the anti-Semitic treatment and abuse from the likes of Antonio and the rest of Venetian society. But, while he is more a victim than a villain, he's not blameless. What turns Shylock into a ruthless avenger is his daughter’s elopement with a Christian and her rejection of the religion of her family. It is this betrayal by his own flesh and blood that renders Shylock seemingly merciless towards ... ...s and forgiving herself. One of the great ironies of this play happens when Shylock calls Portia, "A Daniel come to judgment, yea, a Daniel!" Daniel was the Old Testament judge of Susanna, a woman accused of being unchaste by the elders. The story is pointed because Daniel rules in Susanna's favor, thus rescuing her from her fate. After freeing her, he then in turn convicts the elders. Shylock's mistake is that while he is right in calling Portia a Daniel, he fails to recognize that he is the one who represents the elders and Antonio is the rescued Susanna. In the end, Shylock is prevented from cutting a pound of Antonio’s flesh from very near the merchant’s heart, but in a sense it is the Christians who cut Shylock’s heart out of his body without shedding a drop of his blood. While the Christians preach mercy when Antonio is at risk, the Christian court is happy to opt for Old Testament vengeance itself in exacting a punishment which leaves Shylock feeling that he might as well be dead-- â€Å"Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that, You take my house, when you do take the prop / That doth sustain my house: you take my life / When you do take the means whereby I live.†

Was the Spanish-American War Truly as John Hay Said, a “Splendid Little War”

Was the Spanish-American war truly as John Hay said, a â€Å"splendid little war†? Why or why not? The Spanish-American war was for the American government the first step on the road to becoming a â€Å"global, police power†, for the Spanish it was the dissolution of Cuba and their empire, from said conclusion is it fair to name such a war a success, an aforementioned â€Å"splendid little war†? [1] This essay hopes to examine the limitations of Hay’s statement, the war was to irreversibly â€Å"shape relations between the United States and the rest of the globe for the coming century†, and it was the trigger that ultimately taught the U. S. the cost of World imperialism. It is impossible to label such a conflict as totally triumphant and simplistic, it was fraught with diplomatic complications, both domestic and colonial, as is written herewith. The situation in Cuba before American intervention had always been precarious; Cuban rebels had continually opposed Spanish rule throughout the 19th Century, such was the animosity between the Cubans and Spanish that it culminated in the erection of some of the first Spanish concentration camps (reconcentrado). Dubbed â€Å"Butcher Weyler† by the American press, Spanish general Valeriano Weyler sought to curtail the uprisings, thus causing numerous deaths and epidemics among the Cuban inhabitants. [2] This onslaught erupted both the Cuban population and the American press into a fierce frenzy; American readers experienced a â€Å"battle of gigantic proportions† between two rival newspapers, (New York Journal and New York World), â€Å"in which the sufferings of Cuba merely chanced to furnish some of the most convenient ammunition†. 3] With so much public attention, the Cuban crisis became a great exhibition of jubilation; there was much desire for intervention in the affair. Said exaltation was further prompted by the events of February 15th 1898, when the battleship USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 266 American sailors. Demands for war with Spain were imminent and colossal, the â€Å"yellow journalism† and its fabrication of news intoxicated the †Å"whole Country with war fever†, slogans of â€Å"Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain! † became very popular. 4] Theodore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the navy, had always been of a militaristic nature, having commented that â€Å"This country needs a war†, and proclaiming President William McKinley as â€Å"white-livered† with â€Å"no more backbone than a chocolate eclair†, had proclaimed the disaster â€Å"an act of dirty treachery on the part of the Spaniards†. [5] The longing for war by the public and certain members of government following the atmosphere of hostility prompted, reluctantly, McKinley to declare war on Cuba. Having blockaded Cuba on April 22nd, Spain then subsequently declared war on April 24th. The Spanish-American war was initially a â€Å"splendid little war† as described by Hay; it was an â€Å"unbroken series of American victories† within only 10 weeks of combat. [6] The major campaign of the war occurred at San Juan Hill, where a unit of newly formed Rough Riders under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt along with two regiments of African American soldiers stormed a position atop Kettle Hill. So successful was the battle that Roosevelt â€Å"would rather have led that charge than served three terms in the U. S. Senate†, that he had been â€Å"revelling in victory and gore†. The combination of defeat at San Juan Hill and around the port of Santiago in which â€Å"474 Spanish were killed†¦while only one American was killed and one wounded† initiated the surrender of Santiago on July 17th, and the capitulation of Spain on July 26th 1898. [7] The Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed on December 10, 1898, ended hostilities between the Spanish and the U. S. The Treaty of Paris deemed that Cuba would become an autonomous country, and the U. S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam with the understanding that Spain be paid twenty million dollars for the Philippines. The scandalist treaty was the subject of much debate in the US Senate during the winter of 1898-1899, which was finally resolved on February 6th, 1899 by a one-vote margin of 57 to 27 with only two Republicans opposed: George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine. How was it that the U. S. a traditionally isolationist nation, become involved in such conflict. Nationalist historians argue said involvement to have been directed in accordance with constitutional diplomacy and the democratic principle of projecting liberty and national spirit; in essence the American Dream. George Brown Tindall argues that the U. S. involvement in the war was initiated out of a â€Å"sense of outrage at another country’s imperialism†; It is true to say that until 1899 Spain had acquired substantial influence over the sugar industry, territory held equated more than the fifty millions that the U. S. held in Cuba. Tindall also argues the impact that public opinion and ferocity had on the declaration of war; â€Å"too much momentum and popular pressure†. Indeed said impact was so great that Tindall argues â€Å"the ultimate blame for war, if blame must be levied, belongs to the American people†. 8] Indeed â€Å"many†¦were heavily influenced by the view that western imperialism was justified by the (alleged) superiority of Anglo-Saxon and Nordic ‘races’†, that it was warranted for the U. S. to spread her idealism and the American Dream to other civilisations. [9] There was however more imperialistic interests that influen ced the coming of war, Revisionist historians proclaim the level of U. S. involvement corroborates with desire to defend its own interests that political expansion was in aid of guarantying economic control. Indeed McKinley favoured said intervention and the establishment of a government made up of the â€Å"wealthy Cuban planter class†, as he believed it could be controlled economically and â€Å"incorporated into the American Sphere†. [10] In the short-term the ‘prizes’ of victory over Spain were appealing, not least politically, for many economic advantages came with the acquisition of territory in Cuba and the Philippines. These incentives therefore substantiate Hay’s statement of the American-Spanish conflict as a said â€Å"splendid little war†, an easy and cost-effective method of amassing a greater economy and furthering the American dream. The overriding advantage for the U. S. was that it was a â€Å"little war†, it was also cheap, â€Å"its cost was relatively slight†, the fact that it took ten weeks and the lives of ‘only’ 5,462 U. S. soldiers (379 in actual combat) painted a popular picture of ease in what was the first U. S. campaign. [11] Politically the advantages came from the influence the U. S. gained through becoming a new major world power. With the precedent of waging and ultimately winning a foreign war, the U. S. had the potential of authority over future entanglements. Flushed with the easy victory over Spain, inflamed by the vision of a colonial empire, many were caught by the propaganda for a naval power†. [12] Roosevelt stressed â€Å"we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world†, and by doing â€Å"the world’s work by bringing order out of chaos†¦from which the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven the Spanish flag†. [13] Moreover the U. S. obligation â€Å"to take up the White Man’s burden† further exacerbated United States political intentions in the global theatre, indeed imperialists such as Senator Albert J. Beveridge and Henry Cabot Lodge, â€Å"stressed America’s moral obligation to extend the benefits of Anglo-Saxon civilization to a backward people†. [14] Indeed individuals such as McKinley commented on how â€Å"to educate the Filipinos and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died†. [15] Missionaries became increasingly involved in colonial affairs; they pursued the chance to convert the â€Å"little brown brother† to Christianity for the â€Å"sake of their souls†. [16] Economically the advantages of the war for the U. S. were of paramount importance, and were of major influence in the initial reasoning for a declaration of war. Cuba in the 19th century was the â€Å"sacred cow of American diplomacy†¦Cuba in American history has often been synonymous with sugar†¦which has the power of stirring more political devils in Washington than any other elixir†. Sugar was a major export of America and therefore Cuba became a major concern for economists in a time of unrest and conflict, a potential acquisition for the â€Å"the Sugar Trust†¦the most hated trust in America†. 17] Big Business also profited from the notion of expanding global markets, with the new access to China and its multitude of consumers, businesses such as the American Tobacco Company foresaw the new opportunity, naming the â€Å"Philippines (as) the key to the Far East†. [18] Indeed U. S. involvement in Cuba was startling; Frank M. Steinhart of the National City Bank of New York (NCB) became leading e conomic leader, and was therefore able to ascertain all of Cuba’s resources under the NCB with their 24 Cuban branches. One governmental individual commented no how â€Å"Cuba is no more independent than Long Island†. 19] Colonial empire really did suit the U. S. A. How then could such a â€Å"splendid little war† be so farcical, why were said consequences of war so detrimental to opinion concerning United States diplomacy? In essence there were three major complications, whose effects brought about severe limitations to Hay’s statement. In short imperialism and the desire for expansion of economy and territory contradicted with U. S. tradition of ‘isolationism’, and that the idea of a nation with democratic values holding colonial control was unpalatable by many people. The acquisition of territory far overseas put a great amount of strain upon U. S. administrative and defensive concerns, not least because of their practical distance, but also due to constitutional contradictions. It gave the potential for continental warfare between the Great Powers, and the reality of guerrilla warfare in unfamiliar civilisations. The empire also brought about a further internal conflict, with both governmental and influential individuals, which sparked off following the condemnation of U. S. imperial stature. The U. S. ad only recently acquired an empire of colonies, she was naive and inexperienced with the policing and protection of lands outside of direct U. S. jurisdiction. The activities of rebellious peoples soon exacerbated such concerns, initiating a period of guerrilla warfare, requiring a sharp adaptation of U. S. occupational forces to facilitate a war of counter-insurgency. February 1899 marked the beginning of open hostility and aggression towards the U. S. occupational forces by the Filipino insurgents. The U. S. now had to follow the precedent set by the British, that an empire was a mixed-bag of complications and benefits. Proclaiming the slogan â€Å"No hay derecho a vender un pueblo como se vende un saco de patatas† (â€Å"There is no right to sell a nation like a sack of potatoes†), Filipinos launched vicious attacks on the forces of Aguinaldo and Mabini to oppose the â€Å"new colonial masters†. [20] The U. S. soon discovered they were running a counterinsurgency every bit as brutal as anything that â€Å"Butcher Weyler† had done in Cuba. Regular army soldiers, many of them veterans of the U. S. Indian wars, undertook â€Å"marked severities† (as one termed it) against these new â€Å"Indians†. One U. S. rmy officer wrote: â€Å"We must have no scruples about exterminating this other race standing in the way of progress, if it is necessary†. Many questioned the point of attempting to hold such alien territory, when there were ongoing domestic problems, one newspaper editor commented that it was â€Å"a sinful extravagance to waste our civilizing inf luence upon the unappreciative Filipinos when it is so badly needed right here in Arkansas†. During July 1902, the U. S. declared the Philippine Insurrection over, 200,000 to 220,000 Filipinos had died, and of whom only 15,000 were actual combatants, which suggest that U. S. forces consciously made war on the enemy's entire society that the concept of total war occurred fifty years earlier than 1939. [21] Critics of expansionism were another annoyance for the U. S. government. Those in office found the idea of dependency incredibly taxing, that the foreign acquisitions would perpetuate existing domestic problems. Other member foresaw that the ruling of said overseas dependencies would contradict, even violate, the â€Å"premises of republican government and the values of classical liberalism†. Although he failed to fervor his stance on U. S. imperialism in the presidential election of 1900, William Jennings Bryan became a high profile contester of expansionism; as a result, the election did not provide a clear mandate for or against overseas empire. Opponents of the U. S. Empire even more fervent than Bryan established the Anti-Imperialist League in Boston to oppose the Philippine Insurrection and colonialism. Erving Winslow, Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, William James, Andrew Carnegie, and former President Grover Cleveland added their voices to the anti-imperialist chorus. However due to their narrow upper-class and governmental social base, the â€Å"antis† were unable to generate much support for their arguments, indeed Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Lenin described them as â€Å"the last of the Mohicans of bourgeois democracy†. [22] Despite the apparent failure to change U. S. foreign policy, the Anti-Imperialism League became a major concern of the government, not least because its foundation was made of some actual political personalities thus creating the rifts of viewpoint shown, but it also caused embarrassment in the face of public and international scrutiny into the affair and the consequences of it thereafter. Indeed such was the strain of the opposition that the government even suppressed the delivery of three anti-imperialism pamphlets to Manila written by, vice president of the Anti-Imperialism League, Edward Atkinson. Economists too were somewhat discouraged by the U. S. involvement in foreign relations, indeed the firm Gompers recognized the problematic nature of overseas economic development. These economists feared the possible conflict of competition regarding the expansion of existing U. S. monopolies and conglomerates, foreseeing their impact on foreign society in the pursuit and carving up of land, resources, and profit. Foreign competition was also of major concern, believing the â€Å"menace of cheap oriental labor† as detrimental to the U. S. proletariat. [23] The fabled China market and political engrossment of overseas markets meant the establishment of an â€Å"open door† in China and to the protection of the territorial integrity of China. This therefore threatened war, a political tool to be reluctantly used if other powers obstructed U. S. entry into China market, only war could sustain the policy. The rising sun of Japan and Tsarist Russia therefore threatened future U. S. non-entanglement. In conclusion it is inaccurate to deem the 1898 war and Philippine Insurrection as â€Å"splendid little† wars; in reality each was fraught with so many conflicting problems and consequences. To many individuals the concept of colonial expansion was exciting, not least as it perpetuated U. S. power and influence but many sought to gain economically, spiritually and personally from said imperialism. The cost of empire was of higher significance however, as its political costs were severely detrimental to the McKinley administration, its effects on physical practicalities of defense and economy damaging, and the diplomatic portrayal of the U. S. A embarrassing. Eighty years previously John Quincy Adams had predicted the outcome of U. S. involvement in global conflict, â€Å"no matter how righteous the initial cause†¦her policy would insensibly change from liberty to force†¦She might become dictatress of the World†. Hay was wrong, 1898 was never a â€Å"splendid little war†, never a war â€Å"on behalf of people other than its own†. [24] Bibliography B. Bailyn, The Great Republic: History of the American People Vol. II; Toronto, DC Heath Canada, 1998 J. L. Bates, The United States 1898-1928 – Progressivism and a Society in Transition; New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , 1976 H. Brogan, The Penguin History of the United States; London, Penguin, 2001 H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI – The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914; New York, The Macmillan Co. , 1961 S. Foner, The Spanish Cuban American War and the Birth of American Imperialism 1895-1902. Vol. I; New York, 1972 L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepard Fast, Conspiracy for Empire – Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907; Quezon City, Philippines, Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1985 E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865; Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co. 2002 M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty – American history 1607-1980; Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983 T. Mahan, Lessons of war with Spain; London, Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. , 1899 J. B. Moore, Four Phases of American Development; New York, Balt, 1912 C. S. Olcott, Life of McKinley – Vol. II; Boston, Houghton M ifflin Co. , 1916 J. R. Stromberg, The Spanish-American War: The Leap into Overseas Empire; U. S. A, The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1999 G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition; New York, W. W. Norton & Co. , 2004 ———————– [1] E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 98. [2] G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition, p. 759 [3] Ibid [4] G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition, p. 760 [5] Ibid [6] M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty – American history 1607-1980, p. 402 [7] G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition, p. 764 [8] Ibid, pp. 759 and 762 [9] L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepard Fast, Conspiracy for Empire – Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907, p. 135 [10] Ibid, p. 141 [11] G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition p. 764 [12] J. B. Moore, Four Phases of American Development, pp. 147-148 [13] E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 100 [14] M. A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty – American history 1607-1980, p. 403 [15] C. S. Olcott, Life of McKinley – Vol. II Boston, Houghton Mifflin co. 1916 [16] G. Brown Tindall and D. E. Shi, America: A Narrative History – Sixth edition, p. 765 [17] L. B. Francisco, and J. Shepard Fast, Conspiracy for Empire – Big Business, Corruption and the Politics of Imperialism in America, 1876-1907, p. 33 [18] H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI – The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 310 [19] H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI – The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 313 [20] J. R. Stromberg, The Spanish-American War: The Leap into Overseas Empir e, p. 2 [21] Ibid [22] J. R. Stromberg, The Spanish-American War: The Leap into Overseas Empire, p. 2 [23] H. Underwood Faulkner, A History of American life Vol. XI – The Quest for Social Justice 1898-1914, p. 310 [24] E. Cobbs Hoffman, and J. Gjerde, Major Problems in American History. Vol. II Since 1865, p. 97